Descriptive Writing: Favourite food  Essay

I would have to say that my favorite food so far would have to be my Auntie Bettina’s boiled potatoes. The texture of the boiled potatoes is so smooth and soft that it might be considered a new different state of matter by some scientists. Her potatoes are a sequence of many hours of trial and error. With so much excessive effort being put into these potatoes, the result has always been a bowl of heavenly delicious Carbohydrates. Of course there is a catch these potatoes are only made monthly. That day happens to be the 21st of every month and within a few moments the bowl is filled with boiled potatoes and the bowl is scraped down to its last potato molecule. The chances of being able to get a second plateful of boiled potatoes are similar to the chances of a hippopotamus learning to speak three different languages. I’m pretty sure my aunt could rule the world if she wanted to globalize her production of boiled potatoes. However I don’t think she would want too because that might cause an all-out global war in an attempt to capture the last portion of boiled potatoes before the ingredients are finished. The march for the last particle of boiled potatoes might in fact lead to the 3rd world war. In conclusion these boiled potatoes aren’t just a piece of slop that is slapped in a huge bowl. The boiled potatoes from my aunt are made with more care than that of the Egyptian pyramids. They are perfectly made to entice your taste buds and leaving you wondering how something could be so perfect, could be created on this planet. Many wonder what happened to their plate of boiled potatoes, often realizing moments later that they consumed it so fast. That it was nearly impossible for them to see what exactly they ate.

Gun Control Persuasive Essay

I. It’s late at night and you’re in bed. You hear a loud crashing noise coming from another room and it jolts you awake. You hear things being rustled and quiet whispers. You begin to panic and look around for something to protect yourself with. Nothing. Because you live in Ferguson and tried to purchase a gun to protect you from the coming storm of the Grand Jury decision that was to be released but found that the government banned the sale of guns a couple days before. II. [Ferguson Gun Shop video] III. OpinionGun Control is stripping away your right to protect yourself via the 2nd Amendment which states â€Å"a well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† I believe todays gun control laws are preventing us from doing so in a fashion that adequately protects us from today’s threats. There is a huge need for the public voice in this issue instead of it being left to our ineffective, corporation bought politicians. Read more: How does federalism protect against tyranny essay Body I. To better understand why the language of the 2nd amendment was used in such a way at to regarding arming individuals and maintaining militias, it’s necessary to understand the history of the people who wrote it. A foundation of political thought during the Revolutionary period was the well justified concern about political corruption and governmental tyranny. The right to bear arms was a potential check against tyranny. According to Sandra Alters in her book Gun Control: Restricting Rights or Protecting People, â€Å"without guns in the hands of the early patriots, the fledgling republic might have quickly turned tyrannical, disarmed the people at will.† II. [Ron Paul video] III. The argument made that gun control prevents violence is not a strong one. Guns don’t kill people: people kill people. Regulations controlling the sale of guns to a person do little to stop a criminal whose intent is to commit a crime. A gun doesn’t make a person kill someone committing a  robbery, their intent does. They could easily substitute the gun for a knife and have the same outcome. Mark Tushnet, a professor at Harvard Law School, is quoted in Sanford Levinson’s article noting, â€Å"that event like the recent mass murder at Virginia Tech would have immediately generated responses that 1. Effective gun control laws would have prevented the tragedy and 2. That if students or administrators been armed, instead of afflicted with a ‘gun free’ campus (save, of course, criminals), they could have effectively limited the carnage.† (Truth is whether gun control laws were effective here or not, a violent criminal act here was committed. Seems like gun control laws did not prevent it but rather impeded the possibility of the violence being stopped sooner. IV. We are given the right to bear arms so we should be able to adequately arm ourselves in a fashion that best protects us from today’s modern-day threats. There has already been an attack on U.S. soil lest we forget 9/11. The Boston Marathon bombing, the terrorists running through neighborhoods hiding in perhaps your backyard. The government officials who do not listen to the public voice, militarizing the police force, decides what we can or cannot own. We have seen a lot lately of police brutality, Ferguson MO, and here at home in Cleveland OH, L.A. riots over Rodney King. These examples of civil unrest and governmental backlash are unnerving to me and should be to you. With Uncle Sam flexing its political muscle in Ferguson to disarm the people, is that not a sign of governmental tyranny? De Facto Martial law? How do you protect yourself if in fact one day, and perhaps sooner than you think, there is a new Revolution we face. The government is failing to listen to the people, America is not popular in the world, and there is an underground movement already started against the government. Gun Control is the government’s way to hide the dissarment of the American people and cloak it in the name of violence prevention. Don’t believe that your government would ever turn on you? Neither did Japanese Americans the night after Pearl Harbor when they were rounded up and forced into governmental camps. Conclusion. I. I implore you to exercise your 2nd Amendment right and to support organizations like the NRA. Research the politicians you elect and see where they stand on this very important issue. Don’t be blinded by the rhetoric propaganda the government and media spews to the public sheep. One day your  life, liberties and freedom may very well rely on it, just like it did 300+ years ago. II. [Gun Control shortvid] Works Cited Alters, Sandra M. Gun Control: Restricting Rights or Protecting People? Detroit: Gale, 2007. Kentlink. Web. 15.Oct.2014. Wright, Stephen E. â€Å"Gun Control Laws Will Not Save Lives† Guns and Crime. Ed. Chrisitine Watkins. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2012. At Issue .Rpt. â€Å"Anti-Gun Group Common Sense Gun Laws and Real Common Sense.† StephenEWright.com. 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 31.Oct.2014. Levinson, Sanford.†Guns and the Constitution: A Complex Relationship.†Reviews in American History. Volume 36.1(2008) Electronic Journal Center.Web.15.Oct.2014 Doeden, Matt. Gun Control: Preventing Violence or Crushing Constitutional Rights? Minneapolis, MN.: Twenty-First Century Books, 2012. OhioLinks. 15.Oct.2014

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 35

Letter #6-December 13, 2006 Dear Pat, I'm sorry your childhood hero committed suicide. I'm sorry McNabb was injured. And I am especially sad to hear that your father is still allowing the results of football games to govern the relationships he has with his immediate family. Your poor, poor mother. Your decision to reveal your therapist's views regarding Tiffany made for an awkward phone conversation. It is obvious that Tiffany cares for you enough to put together this exchange of letters. I hope you will protect her legally by refraining from discussing the arrangement further with your therapist or anyone else. You do realize that by showing Cliff my letters, you have put me in a precarious legal position. I am not allowed to make contact with you by law, remember? So this will be my last letter. Sorry. Regarding Holden Caulfield and the gold ring Phoebe reaches for at the end of the novel, please don't think of me as your golden ring. I am your ex-wife. I wish you well, but your therapist was right to say we are incompatible. I can see clearly we are not moving toward closure, which makes me regret opening up this dialogue. My only hope is that someday – after you have stabilized your mental health – you will take comfort in the fact that I reached out to you after all that happened. I wish you well in this world, Pat. Goodbye. Nikki

Marketing Planning - Domino's Pizza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning - Domino's Pizza - Essay Example Moreover, people are looking for innovation in the pizzas. Domino’s is offering a huge range of products apart from pizzas and are mainly focusing on customers with smaller pocket size. The SWOT analysis reveals that the organization has great deal of strengths and opportunities but is facing steep competition from its competitors like Pizza Hut and Pizza Express. After the situation analysis and studying the current market segment, target market and positioning strategies has been suggested. Introduction Domino’s pizza is a well known pizza delivery organization in this world. The passion and expertise shown by this organization and its employees in delivering fresh and hot pizzas has earned loyalty of numerous customers from all over the world and several awards for the organization (Domino’s Pizza UK & Ireland Limited, 2012). This report focuses on developing a marketing plan for Domino’s Pizza in UK. The pizza market of UK has recorded an increase of 2 1.5 percent in sales value between the year 2008 and 2013 and reached  £881 million (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). This was primarily due to the thriving chilled sector and commodity inflation, which lead to higher self prices. The growth on the overall volume has increased by 7.3 percent over the period, which has acted as the accelerating factor in terms of both volume and values (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). Chilled pizza has created a better and healthier image of quality amongst the consumers. On the other hand, frozen pizzas acts as a remedy for being processed. Reports also suggests that fifth of the users in UK are seen to show interest towards the British sourced meat. 23 percent of the parents are seen to show their concern regarding lack of pizzas for children (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). ... Chilled pizza has created a better and healthier image of quality amongst the consumers. On the other hand, frozen pizzas acts as a remedy for being processed. Reports also suggests that fifth of the users in UK are seen to show interest towards the British sourced meat. 23 percent of the parents are seen to show their concern regarding lack of pizzas for children (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). It has been observed that there is strong demand for microwaveable and gluten-free pizzas (Mintel Group Ltd., 2013). The demand for pizza has also increased among the demographic of 65 year old people. The pizza lovers of UK are also looking for change and innovation in their pizzas (Mintel Group Ltd., 2011). Product Range Domino’s Pizza mainly deals in pizzas ranging from chicken and prawn pizza, traditional pizzas, value plus pizza, value pizzas and â€Å"make your own† pizza. Apart from this, the organization also offers a wide range of side dishes, desserts and crusts. In side di shes they include breads, chicken, chips along with dipping sauce and drinks. In desserts, they include cakes, brownies, pancakes, dipping sauce and mousse (Domino's Pizza Enterprises Ltd., 2012). Hence, it can be concluded that they not only deals with pizzas but also offers a variety of other products. Customers The customers of Domino’s are generally the pizza loving people. They generally target the customers starting from college goers to people in their fifties. They not only target the lower-class people with their products but also the middle-class customers with bigger budgets. Children are not often seen to be the regular customers of Domino’s Pizza. They are

How Globalization Regimes Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Globalization Regimes Work - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalization as a phenomenon has received much attention for all the right reasons; reasons which have spoken a great deal on how economies have become bigger than nation-states in essence. This brings to light the notion of comprehending how globalization as a phenomenon has been instrumental in changing perceptions and beliefs, as it has highlighted the due role of economic strengths and the opportunities that have come up with the passage of time. Globalization has made the economists understand that they if they play their cards well; there is no one who can stop them from entering new market territories and zones on a global basis. What is required however is tact and a sense of planning on the part of the people who believe staunchly within the globalization regimes since they are the ones who bring value for the sake of the business enterprises, spread far and wide? When one studies the dictum of globalization in its truest sen se, there is comprehension in the knowledge that geographical distances do not matter as such. Since the entire phenomenon is built on the premise of bridging distances in more ways than one, the element of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics coming to the fore is a special one. This is so said because globalization has the potential within it to bring people from different walks of life together and thus involve and engage them in an ideology, a business route or a pattern for that matter. ...consumers, the better it is for them to bring about a collective good, which is for the well-being of the society in the long term scheme of things (Amoore 2002). Delving deep into what globalization essentially is, one needs to find out how the term was actually brought into action. This suggests how the world was termed as a global village, and how it has represented the 7 billion or so people on the face of this earth as one connected community. Globalization has made all of them come on a single platform, where business and trade linkages help each other connect so that there is collective good, which shall foster creativity and culminate in success for one and all (Sachs 2000). They feel wired and hence this linkage has helped their business realms to develop with the passage of time. What is even more interesting is the fact that globalization has dispelled the perils which used to exist in the yesteryears. It has made people realize how colonialism is not an acceptable phen omenon anywhere and not the talk centers on the premise of globalization, which is here for their own good. There are some critics who believe globalization is not an interesting phenomenon as it brings problems for the natives of a country and makes others feel that they are more powerful than the former. This is not entirely a correct disposition as it flawed in its entirety (Herod 1998). The role of globalization within governance is pertinent because if governmental authorities are not playing their roles well, then this would mean a lot of problems for the companies and business corporations which are trying to expand in different directions, around the world.  

The impact of Directive on UK Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The impact of Directive on UK Law - Essay Example Van Duyn made it clear that this was also true of Directives. If Directives are binding then it is possible that they will be relied upon in national courts, but clearly each case will turn on its own facts. Therefore since Z works for a Council this can be construed as an emanation of the State (specifically Case 103/99 Costanzo [1989] ECR 1839) and it is submitted that prima facie he is able to rely on the government’s non implementation directly in a UK court or tribunal provided the Directive is unconditional and sufficiently precise. However this is not true for D. His employer is a private company and as seen in the following case, the Court of Justice does not allow the direct horizontal enforcement of Directives. In Case 152/84 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 [1986] 1 CMLR 688 Helen Marshall sought to sue a health authority for retirement age discrimination under the Equal Treatment Directive 1976. Her employer dismissed her at 60 in line with her contract. National law exempted retirement matters from its scope -- it did not impose retirement age at 60 - - only that women became eligible for pension at 60. The Court of Justice held that there was no ‘horizontal effect’ to a Directive where a government had failed to implement a Directive. Helen Marshall could not sue the Health Authority in these circumstances. If the employer is not the State or an emanation of the State then the Court of Justice allows the national court to look at indirect effect.

Password Cracker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Password Cracker - Research Paper Example All the possible combinations of characters are tested against the encrypted passwords that are obtained in the brute-force dialog, in most of the tools that use brute force technique. We can understand this as a thief cracking a locked cupboard and trying different combinations of numbers. The key space of all possible combinations of passwords is calculated using the following formula: KS = L^(m) + L^(m+1) + L^(m+2) + ........ + L^(M) Let’s say that we want to crack LanManager passwords (LM) using the character set "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" of 26 letters. In this case, the brute-force cracker will try the above formula in this way: KS = 26^1 + 26^2 + 26^3 + ...... + 26^7 = 8353082582 8353082582 is the number of different keys that the brute force cracker tool will try. Now let’s suppose that we want to crack the same password but this time the character set is â€Å"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789!@#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"',.?/". Then, using the same formula i n this case, the number of different keys to try rises to 6823331935124. An extensive key search cracking is a very time consuming task. However, if we are using the right character set, password cracking becomes a relatively easy process. Figure 1 shows a dialogue that asks the user to either put in a character set which is predefined or put in a customized character set. The initial password can also be altered to begin a previous attack again. There is another option of â€Å"key rate† that shows the number of keys that the attack attempts every second against all encrypted passwords that are loaded. â€Å"Time left† is the time remaining to complete the key space. "Current password" is the real key which is tested by the program. In the... The findings of this research will provide insight of Brute-force as one of the most powerful techniques to break plain authentications. TechTarget on the web defines brute-force technique as: â€Å"Brute force (also known as brute force cracking) is a trial and error method used by application programs to decode encrypted data such as passwords or Data Encryption Standard (DES) keys, through exhaustive effort (using brute force) rather than employing intellectual strategies.† A brute-force attack is the process of deciphering or decrypting an encrypted text by trying each possible key. The key length of the code and the attacker’s computational power is very important in every brute-force attack. The major shortcoming of brute force technique is that it requires too much time to try username and password combinations. Also, brute force attacks are very noisy meaning that they generate too much of traffic along with leaving some evidence of the attack. All the possible combinations of characters are tested against the encrypted passwords that are obtained in the brute-force dialog, in most of the tools that use brute force technique. We can understand this as a thief cracking a locked cupboard and trying different combinations of numbers. Social engineering technique is the oldest method of cracking a password and is done through simple, rogue manipulation of trusting persons. The need of the hour is to spread user awareness and train the employees so that they are able to protect their networks and critical passwords.

Primary source analyze Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Primary source analyze - Article Example Therefore, free trade is tied to the Europe’s colonies fate. The author argues that the special trade of the mother nations tends to reduce or at least putting down below what these nations would then rise to both the industry and enjoyments of all the countries generally, particularly the American colonies. He continues to argue that by rendering the colony produce preciously in other nations, it diminishes its consumption and henceforth cramps the industry of all the other nations that both enjoy less when they emolument a lot for what they are enjoying, and producing less when they get less for the things they are producing. The people targeted by this source are historians mostly who want ton know how the British ruled America1. It is viewed that the surplus produce of America, however, which is the main source of all that increase of industry and enjoyments that Europe got from the colonization and discovery of America. The source is rendered much less sufficient by the select trade of mother countries. This primary source is a book written by He Ao (Ho Ao) in 1520. The author was a bureaucrat who referred to the Europeans as the Feringis. The event of this source took place in the fifteenth century when the Europeans invaded China. He portrayed that they were not trust worthy individuals; they were unruly and were a threat to the security of a nation. The sentiments stated by He Ao were mutual among to officials in following centuries, even when China prospered in the commercial exchanges of a gradually connected universe2. The author argues that the Feringis were the most crafty and cruel. Their arms were the most superior than that of other foreign individuals. This source was created during the colonial periods. It is seen that the Europeans came to Canton where some of them stayed in the post station while others had bad behavior and had intercourse with the local people. The source also states that if the Chinese people

The Effects of the Great Depression on Children Essay

The Effects of the Great Depression on Children - Essay Example It is an idea of creating a clinic, which will give the needed services to the children who are economically challenged families. For this clinic to be successful and efficient, some employees must be involved. They must be qualified to be dedicated to their work. They must be equipped to develop a health center with services that focus on the prevention of some diseases (Dunlop, 1995). Two doctors must be hired, and four nurses who will help to provide the necessary services. The support staffs hired should be from the local for the benefit of the community. Equipment is the most essential, therefore, spending a lot to purchase and maintain will enable the doctors and nurses perform their work effectively. The staff should be there to give the needed support to the doctors and nurses (Dunlop, 1995). The clinic will handle approximately 150 children in a day. The possible challenges might be the shortage of employees and equipment to be used. Lack of support from the government to the clinic will be a challenge too. Children who may not get the required service may get a referral to other hospitals. Those who cannot afford the stated cost may acquire medical cover early enough for future

Quality Performance Measure in Health Sciences and Medicine Case Study

Quality Performance Measure in Health Sciences and Medicine - Case Study Example Overall service has declined by 19.78%, overall clinical 15.90%, the overall quality of service, food positively improved by 1.98% while overall cleanliness declined by 2.63 %. It is suggested that a fine balance between the quality performance measure and patient satisfaction should be created rather than focusing on one aspect alone like quality performance as is the case now. 2. It seems the CEO has not properly carried out her responsibility for educating the board. The board should have been in a position to satisfy the needs of the patients while at the same time upholding high standard performance measures if they have adequate knowledge about the new changes being implemented within the clinical set-up. With proper knowledge, at least positive results should be noticed in all sectors of the healthcare system after the implementation of the new changes. 3. It is recommended that human resources development through learning should be implemented in various departments of the healthcare institution. According to Robbins (1993), learning promotes the development of knowledge that in turn can improve the performance of the employees. Through learning, the employees can also share their ideas with others members and this can help them to improve their performance. This strategy will also help the employees to pull their efforts towards the same direction for the betterment of the organization as a whole. 4. The quality data that should be reported and utilized by this board of directors is related to employee satisfaction as well as patient satisfaction. These are the two major indicators that show that the organization operating within the right direction to fulfill its mandate. Essentially, an organization that is committed to its success should ensure that its interests, as well as those of the employees, are satisfied (Jackson and Schuler, 2010).  Ã‚  

Human Biological Systems, Organisation of the Body Assignment

Human Biological Systems, Organisation of the Body - Assignment Example liverworts, mosses Pteridophytes These are vascular plants which characteristically do not produce flowers and seeds. Reproduction takes place via the dispersion of spore. The dominant generation is saprophytic. Have true roots. Club mosses, ferns, horsetail Gymnosperms These are seed producing plants and seeds develop to form cones. They produce unisexual flowers. pines, ephedra, juniper, fir, redwood Angiosperms These are seed producing plants and are known as flowering plants. They show derived characteristics and produce flowers, endosperms, and fruits. Water lilies, black pepper, bluebells, cucumber (SOLOMON & MARTIN, 2005). TAQ 2. Flowering plants Monocotyledons Flowering plants Dicotyledons Monocotyledons consist of 55,000 species and are predominantly herbaceous Dicotyledons consist of 165,000 species and are woody stemmed plants The primary root soon aborts and the mature root system becomes adventitious Mature root system either primary or adventitious or both Consist of a single cotyledon Consist of two cotyledons Intrafascicular cambium is not present and leaves are parallel veined Intrafascicular cambium is present and leaves are mostly net veined Vascular bundles are scattered in two or more rings Vascular bundles are present in the form of a ring surrounding pith Floral parts are borne in sets of 3 and sometimes 4 Floral parts are borne in sets of 5 Pollen is typically triaperturate Pollen is uniaperturate (KOKWARO, 1994). TAQ 3. Classes Characteristics Examples Jelly fish, Anemones (Coelenterates) Aquatic, mostly marine and body cavity has a hypostome. The hypostome is surrounded by sensory tentacles Corals, hydra Flatworms (platyhelminthes) Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical and have no internal body cavity. Have a distinct head and tail and have no specialized circulatory and respiratory system Planaria, tapeworms, flukes Round worms (nematodes) Non-segmented worms, bilaterally symmetrical, body has a complex cuticle around it. Ascaris lumb ricoides, Enterobius vermicularis Ringed Worms (annelids) Have elongated bodies divided into segments and are called segmented worms. The worms exist in different shapes and colors. Body cavity is lined by mesoderm and have a closed circulatory system Earthworms, leeches Snails, slugs, squids (Molluscs) Non segmented worms, have a mantle and an internal as well as external shell. A radula is also present Octopus, mussels, tusk shells Star fish, sea urchin (Echinoderms) Have a radial symmetry and the central body has several protruding arms. Tube feeds with suction pads are also present Sand dollars, sea stars Insects, spiders, crabs (Arthropods) Have segmented bodies with paired segmented appendages. Have bilateral symmetry and a chitnous exoskeleton Scorpions, centipedes, millipedes (THORP & COVICH, 1991) TAQ. 4 Classes Characteristics Examples Spiders, ticks, mites, daddy Longlegs, scorpions (Arachnida) They make webs and have two body regions. They have chelicerae and very long l egs Rust mite, clover mite, black widow spider Centipedes (Chilopoda) Segmented bodies with a single pair of legs on each segment. Have a single pair of antenna Blue ring centipede, stone centipede, earth centipede Millipedes (Diplopoda) Segmented bodies with two pairs of legs on each segment. Have a single pair of antenna. Pill millipede, bristly millipede, spotted millipede Crabs, lobsters (Crustacea) They have three major body segments namely head, thorax and abdomen. Have two pairs of antenna. They have

Idioms in Bilingual Dictionaries Essay Example for Free

Idioms in Bilingual Dictionaries Essay A dictionary is a collection of words in one or more languages, and it reflects the vocabulary of a language. Its purpose is to provide information on the meaning of words, combinations with other words, sometimes also pronunciation and other aspects of a language. Dictionaries can be classified by many different aspects – for example, a dictionary can be monolingual, bilingual, bilingualised or even multilingual. If the dictionary is bilingual, it can be either unidirectional or bidirectional. Dictionaries can deal with general language, with special terms or specific area of a language and dictionaries vary for their purposes. Thus, dictionaries can also be classified according to their size. Usually the most popular dictionaries are monolingual and bilingual, and this essay aims at exploring the usage of multiword expressions, idioms in particular, in bilingual dictionaries. Burkhanov (1998) defines a bilingual dictionary as â€Å"a work of reference whose word list is organized in the following way: L1L2, which means that lemmata of one language usually referred to as an object of language, are explicated using another language – a target language† (Burkhanov, 1998: 29). Bilingual dictionaries have a longer history than monolingual, and their position is already well-established. Typically bilingual dictionaries are translation dictionaries, and at this point the treatment of idioms and other multiword expressions should be seriously considered. Bilingual dictionaries can be general or specialized, encyclopaedic or linguistic, alphabetical or thematic, diachronic or synchronic, in print or electronic format and they also vary according to various user groups and various sizes. Bilingual dictionaries can be divided according to their purpose – if your native language is the SL, then the dictionary is for encoding needs (also called an active dictionary), but if your native language is the TL, then the dictionary is for decoding needs (also called a passive dictionary). This active-passive parameter is â€Å"often equated with encoding vs decoding or productive vs receptive parameters† and â€Å"is used to classify bilingual dictionaries with respect to tasks for which they are employed by their users† (Podolej, 2009: 25). Dictionaries are organised in word entries or lexical items, and â€Å"a lexical item is any word, abbreviation, partial word, or phrase which can figure in a dictionary (often as the headword of an entry)† (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. , 2008: 163). As the authors point out, â€Å"it is important to be aware of the various kinds of lexical item, as there are important differences in the way each is handled in the dictionary† (ibid. ). Lexical items are grouped as the single items and multiword expressions (ibid. ). Among multiword expressions there are classified fixed and semi-fixed phrases, phrasal idioms, compounds, phrasal verbs and support verb constructions, and the authors have raised a question of â€Å"which multiword items should be treated as ‘multiword expressions [ in our dictionaries? † (ibid. : 166). Multiword expressions, including idioms, constitute a very important part of the vocabulary and need to be included in both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, but it is of particular importance to include them in bilingual learners’ dictionaries, since â€Å"language learners may not recognize them as significant units of meaning, cannot usually compose them, and will often have proble ms understanding them† (ibid. : 167). The authors have provided several types of multiword expressions, the first of them being fixed and semi-fixed phrases, for example, transparent collocations (to risk one’s life), fixed phrases (ham and eggs), similes (white as snow), catch phrases (horses of courses), proverbs (too many cooks), quotations (to be or not to be), greetings (good morning), and phatic phrases (have a nice day) (ibid. ). Other type are phrasal idioms that are â€Å"the most difficult [ ] to handle in lexicography† (ibid. : 168). The third type that the authors provide are compounds that â€Å"belong mainly to three word classes: nouns (the most frequent case, e. . , lame duck, civil servant), adjectives (e. g. , sky blue, stone deaf), and verbs (of which by far the most common are the phrasal verbs† (ibid. : 169). The fourth type is a phrasal verb – â€Å"a multiword expression consisting of a verb plus one or more particle(s)† that can â€Å"function either as an adver b (away, out) or as a preposition (with, to), or both (in, through)† (ibid. : 171). The fifth type is the support verb construction, of which the most frequent are make, take, have, give, and do (ibid. : 175). Other authors have made this classification in a more simple way – they argue that there are five types of multiword expressions distinguished, and they are idioms, collocations, phrasal verbs, compounds and support verb constructions (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. , 2008: 359). In order to distinguish between different multiword expressions, the difference between a collocation and an idiom must be stated. Cruse (1986) has argued that collocations are â€Å"sequences of lexical items which habitually co-occur, but which are nonetheless fully transparent in the sense that each lexical constituent is also a semantic constituent† (Crude, 1986: 41). Idioms, on the contrary, are expressions â€Å"whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meaning of its parts† (ibid. : 37) and they are usually translated in bilingual dictionaries not with lexical, but semantic equivalents. According to Online Etymology Dictionary, the word â€Å"idiom† is derived from late Latin idioma, meaning â€Å"a peculiarity in language† and Greek idioma, â€Å"peculiarity, peculiar phraseology† (Online 1), but â€Å"with a passage of time this word has acquired quite different denotations† (Cruse, 1986. : 176). Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provides the following explanation for the word â€Å"idiom†: â€Å"a group of words that has a special meaning that is different from the ordinary meaning of each separate word† (Online 2). Oxford online dictionary provides quite similar explanation â€Å"a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words† (Online 3). One more interesting definition of an â€Å"idiom† is that it is â€Å"a meaning where the sum’s meaning is different from that of the parts† (Jones and West 1992, Johnson and Schlichting, 2004, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008:4). Dictionaries have existed for hundreds of years and they have been developed to meet practical needs of people. The language evolution throughout centuries has been â€Å"towards more idiomatic usage and more lexicalized combinations† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 175). Idioms are â€Å"a unique part of the lexicon and have proved to be the most difficult part in vocabulary acquisition for both native learners ad foreign language learners† (ibid. ). Each language contains a large number of idioms, and consequently, â€Å"the treatment of idioms in dictionaries, particularly in bilingual dictionaries, has become an essential issue in dictionary compilation and research† (ibid. ). As the authors argue, idioms started to attract the focus of language researchers only quite recently, and a lot of work still has to be done in this field, â€Å"either from the position of compiling a dictionary of idioms or from the position of treating idioms as an essential part of the process of making a dictionary† (ibid. . Idioms â€Å"are not a separate part of the language which one can choose either to use or to omit† (Seidl and McMordie, 1978:1, quoted in Yong and Peng, 2007: 175). Idioms form â€Å"an essential part of the general vocabulary of language, thus accounting for a large proportion of the dictionary text in both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 175). Both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries should â€Å"decide where in the ordering of the entry should go compounds, phrasal verbs [ ] and other MWEs, if they are to be included within the entry of one of their component words† (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M, 2008: 253). Usually they are considered as secondary headwords or they can be located in a separate section, entitled ‘Compounds’ or â€Å"Phrases’, but there is another option of giving them a separate entry distinct from any related entry (ibid. ). In general there are five most common options of handling the multiword expressions, including idioms, in dictionaries – there is a possibility to make each multiword expression as a headword; to make selected types of multiword expressions in their own right; to put all multiword expressions within the same entry, at the very end in separate blocks for each type; to put all multiword expressions within the same entry, within the ‘appropriate sense’ in separate blocks and there is an option of putting all multiword expressions within the same entry, within the ‘appropriate’ sense, but without differentiating the multiword expression type (ibid. : 254). However, according to Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. â€Å"the tendency nowadays is to avoid secondary headwords if possible, as embedding one entry (however reduced) within another simply makes it more difficult for the user to find anything† (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M. , 2008: 493). Idioms should be covered to some extent in general bilingual dictionaries, but usually they are found in subordinate parts of entries. When compiling a bilingual dictionary, the question of classification of idioms must be decided according to a key word in idiom. For example, the idioms pigheaded person and to eat like a pig could be found together under one entry word pig. In practice most of bilingual and monolingual dictionaries use this approach that seems the easiest way to decode a language. However, the second possibility involves â€Å"identifying the underlying function expressed and recording idioms under this category; for example, the previous two examples would be classified under the function to insult someone† (Akbarov, 2010: 137). Idioms do not co mply with other aspects of language that can be more easily explained â€Å"in terms of rules and semantic characteristics† (ibid. : 140). As idioms and other multiword expressions are quite hard to treat in dictionaries, the compilers of bilingual dictionaries have to be very careful towards this question because we all know how annoying it is to open a dictionary and fail to find a word that we were looking for. There is no dictionary that could include all words, and therefore lexicographers have to make decisions on selection of words in it, including idioms. Dictionaries are often regarded as a basic tool in the process of foreign language learning. Bilingual dictionaries have been the traditional lexical resource for learning a new language. Change is not something that dictionaries undertake very easily as their purpose and place is indisputably significant. Of course, modern dictionaries come in different formats – they can be monolingual, bilingual, paper or electronic dictionaries, but when it comes to defining the meaning and giving definitions or equivalents in other languages, the dictionary is the same. There are many problems the lexicographer has to deal with when compiling a bilingual dictionary and the main problem is the basic lack of equivalence which exists between different languages. According to Nida (1958: 279), the semantic problems that occur in compiling a bilingual dictionary are different from and also more complicated that those problems that occur in the compilation of a monolingual dictionary. The reason for that is the fact that monolingual dictionaries are compiled mostly for users who participate in and understand the culture being described, whereas bilingual dictionaries describe a culture that differs from that of the users. Baker and Kaplan (1994: 7, quoted in Gauton, 2008: 108) argue that â€Å"equivalence is nebulous in nature, and cannot be represented by way of neat translation equivalents†. The perfect translation in a bilingual dictionary where the SL word is translatable perfectly is very rare, and in the case of multiword expressions and idioms compilers have to be ready to face problems. As Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M argue, â€Å"the equivalence relationship between a pair of words, SL and TL, varies from exact to very approximate, from perfect to just-adequate† and the factors that play a role in evaluating SL-TL equivalence are the semantic content (single words and multiword expressions), collocational context (mainly single words), vocabulary type (single words and multiword expressions), message (of phrases, including idioms and sayings) and function (Atkins, B. T. and Rundel, M, 2008: 468). Thus, there no right and wrong about how to present the various types of multiword expressions (ibid. : 491). As Yong and Peng (2007) argue, â€Å"idioms are the evolutional product of national culture and social life† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 176), thus â€Å"they are conventionally lexicalized linguistic units and ‘ready-made utterances’† (Crystal,1985: 152, quoted in Yong and Peng, 2007: 176). â€Å"Structurally, the elements in idioms are usually bound together† and they â€Å"often do not permit the usual variability they display in other contexts† (ibid. ). Thus, â€Å"from the semantic point of view, idioms must be interpreted in connection with the historical and cultural contexts from which they emerged† (Yong and Peng, 2007: 176). Idioms are unified and the meaning cannot be guessed without knowing its â€Å"sociocultural context† even though the meaning of separate words is clear (ibid. ). However, â€Å"some idioms are historically traceable with translations in several languages† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008:5). The sociocultural context is of extreme importance in dealing with idioms in bilingual dictionaries as there are the so-called â€Å"culture-bound† words that denote objects or concepts peculiar to some particular SL culture (Gauton, 2008: 110). It means that for these culture-bound items there are no translational equivalents in the TL and in order to overcome this lack, lexicographers use the explanatory equivalent in their illustrative sentences (ibid. : 110-111). Mtuze (1990, quoted in Gauton, 2008: 111) illustrates that â€Å"cultural issues could create problems for lexicographers because they might not comprehend certain concepts foreign to their own culture†. As Fuste-Herrmann argues, â€Å"there are three major factors affecting idiom comprehension: semantic transparency, familiarity and context† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). The first one, the semantic transparency, deals with â€Å"the relative correspondence of an idiom’s literal and figurative meanings† (Nippold and Taylor 1995, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). There can be a transparent and an opaque idiom, â€Å"a transparent idiom’s meaning matches closely with the image conjured up by that idiom† and in contrast â€Å"an opaque idiom conjures up an image that is not helpful in interpretation† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). For example, the idiom a piece of cake could associate with some enjoyable task, whereas beat around the bush has nothing to do with its meaning (ibid. ). Therefore â€Å"the previous studies have concluded that transparent idioms are generally easier to decipher than opaque idioms† (Nippold and Taylor 1995, quoted in  Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). The transparency of idioms can be also discussed â€Å"in terms of their decomposition† (Glucksberg, 2001, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). Idioms that are decompositional â€Å"are able to be modified† – for example, â€Å"he broke the ice, she breaks the ice, after the ice was broken etc† (Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 6). Therefore â€Å"the noncompositional idioms cannot survive the same alterations† (ibid. ). In general â€Å"decompositional idioms are likened to transparent idioms, and less decompositional idioms are equated with opaque idioms† (ibid. ). The other factor is familiarity – â€Å"the frequency with which an idiom occurs in a language† (ibid. : 7). It is â€Å"relative and depends on such factors as geographical location, linguistic background [ ], culture and age† (Nippold and Rudinski 1991, quoted in Fuste-Hermann, 2008: 7). The main idea is that the more frequently the idiom is used, it becomes more familiar (Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 7). The third factor is context – â€Å"contextual cues are imperative for comprehension of unfamiliar idioms in either the written or oral modality, particularly if idioms are more opaque in nature† (Qualls et. al. , 2003, quoted in Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 8). According to Fuste-Herrmann, â€Å"in the last several decades many researchers have speculated about how idioms are interpreted† (Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 8). The first hypotheses that she advances is the â€Å"Early Hypotheses† that implied the idea of idioms when encountered for the first time in spoken or written language, â€Å"the listener or reader tries to interpret the idiom literally†, thus, â€Å"when the literal meaning fails to make sense, the listener/reader hen accesses a mental idiom list, described as a sort of a mental idiom dictionary, in order to determine the figurative meaning† (Searle, 1979, quoted in Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 9). Swinney and Cutler (1979) have â€Å"challenged the existence of a mental idiom list† and also proposed that â€Å"the meaning of idioms were processed simultaneously as figurative and literal† and â€Å"the most appropriate interpretation wins† (Fuste-Herrmann, 2008: 9). Idioms are quite hard to acquire when learning a second language and it is considered that their arbitrary nature makes it difficult for learners to learn them, thus they are not easy to translate. Translating multiword expressions requires that they are not the exact word-to-word translation, but a translation of semantic equivalence should be offered. Traditionally idioms are perceived as rather fixed expressions that learners have difficulties with, but more and more modern dictionaries include idioms as well as other multiword expressions in their word lists that facilitate the language comprehension. As idioms can be found in either separate or sub-entries, sometimes it could be quite hard to find its location in a dictionary. For this purpose electronic dictionaries could be more useful than paper ones as it is more easy to locate the necessary idiom. Bilingual dictionaries are meant for learning a new language, and as idioms constitute a substantial part of any language, they should be treated properly and with care.

Swiss Style Typography History

Swiss Style Typography History What is it a good graphic design? Good graphic design or typography is like a taste. Hallmark of the taste rests in sensitivity, from feelings. Every one has a different taste, but it is indispensable for everyone. Graphic design works on an equal basis. We are not born with the right taste as well as there are no born masters of graphic design. All of them have to be every of them self educated. Perfect graphic consist of many elements, as a result of harmony. This magazine traces the growth of the good graphic design. It depicts not only the growth, but also a designers who formed the style, the people and ideas that influenced them and the following generations who were attracted to Swiss graphic design. This progressive, radical movement Swiss style also known as an International style, was originated in Switzerland in the 1920s . This style became famous because of very talented Swiss graphic designers. It emerged from Russian s Constructivism, Germany s De Stijl and Dadaism. The International Typographic Style, or Swiss Style, refers to the graphic design movement that evolved in Switzerland during the 1950s. Emphasizing clarity of information, the International Style propagated an aesthetic of objective photography in place of illustration; asymmetrical arrangement of elements on a modular grid system; sans-serif typography such as Akzidenz Grotesk; and flush left, ragged right configuration of text. Admired for its simple, clean, factual, and highly structured approach to organizing and presenting information. The magazine is divided into three parts. Part One shows the origins of the Swiss style, general information about the style, political and social influences. The following part represents the central figures in this movement and the New typography.6 swiss style In the post war period, modern design began more significant with development of industrialized society. Switzerland bacame an appropriate site for growth of an International style, by means of the country s position in the centre of Europe and its political neutrality. However, Swiss style started to grow in after the First World War in Europe. Henry van de Velde (1863 1957) was a famous Belgian architect and designer. He was also one of the most successful and important practitioners of the Art Nouveau style. He was known as the first Art Nouveau artist to work in an abstract style and developed the concept of the union of form and function. His idea was to bring art to industry. Van de Velde was the main graphic designer who influenced young Swiss designers. He was one of the founders of the decorative arts school of Weimar. This school was later called the Bauhaus. In 1907 he designed the new building of The School of Arts and Crafts and became the first director of this school. Among the teachers there were Russian, Wassily Kandinsky, Swiss Paul Klee and Johannes Itten. Young Swiss graphic designers attracted the school and many of them studied at the Bauhaus. The influence from the Bauhaus was apparent in Max Bill (1908 1994) and Theo Ballmer (1902 1965) works. Max Bill, a painter belonging to the Concrete Art movement in Z rich applied mathematical systems for the organization of space to his graphic design work. Another style which had an effect for the growth of an International style was Constructivism. Constructivism art refers to the optimistic, non-representational relief construction, sculpture, kinetics and painting. The artists did not believe in abstract ideas, rather they tried to link art with concrete and tangible ideas. Constructivist art is committed to complete abstraction with a devotion to modernity, where themes are often geometric, experimental and rarely emotional. El Lissitzky (1890 1941) was the main represetatives of Russian Constructivism. He brought a New Typography and photomontage to Switzerland. Lissitzky attended to the fundamental transformation of perception of literature. From acoustic percept of the past became visible words. Optical character of the new typography was defined in his bo ok from 1923. His work greatly influenced the Swiss style. Not only Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klle who were teachers at Bauhaus, but also L szl Moholo Nagy (1895 1946) had notable position there. He had similar visual conception as Lissitzky. He was oriented in interaction of photography and text. Moholo Nagy perceived photography like an objective representation which can rescue obscurdity of words. He brought typography to question, he defined a new revolutionary idea typofoto combination of typography and photographic images.It is an objective form of representation based at princip of communication. Both of these movements influenced a new directions of art and development of graphic design. A book of modern graphic design Gefesselter Blick (Captured Glance) was published in Stuttgard in 1930. It was Sponzored by the Swiss Werkbund s Advertising Designers Circle. Design from 1920s publications were displayed in the book.. The book was edited by architects Heinz Rasch and Bodo Rasch. They rounded up a work of twenty six artists of the avant garde. Most of them were Germans (Werner Graef), three Swiss (Otto Baumberger, Max Bill and Walter Cylian), two Dutch (Paul Schutema, Piet Zwart), Russian (El Lissitzky), and Czech (Karel Teige). Even though, the Swiss were influenced by many styles, their own style became unique.Gefesselter Blick displays the origins and growth of the Swiss style. 8 swiss style In the first part of the magazine we introduced the origins and problems of the Swiss style in Graphic design. In this part we will mention the main artists, designers and propagonists of this movement. Ernst Keller (1931 2006) the father of Swiss design, was a graphic designer, artist and teacher. From 1918 and for four decades onward Keller taught a professional course in graphic design at the Kunstgewerbeschule Z rich (The Zurich School of Design) rejecting the notion of style in favor of design solutions derived from content. Keller was the most important single influence on the development of Swiss graphic design. The economically drawn images and inventive lettering of his posters designed in the 1920s and early 1930s made an important contribution to Modernism. He mentored Armin Hofmann (fig. 1), Emil Ruder, and Joseph-Muller Brockman, all of whom were important figures in what became the International Typographic Style. Significance of the International Typographic Style has been unfairly reduced to the aesthetic preferences evident in the outcomes of work by designers identified with the movement. To recognize its substance one needs to study the specifics of its origin roo ted in the curriculum developed at the Basel School of Design. One of the important figures of origins of the Swiss style was also Theo Ballmer (1902 1965). He was a designer, photographer and teacher. Ballmer studied at Bauhaus and at Kunstgewerbeschule in Zurich. He is known for his political posters and exhibitions, using only simple images and lettering (fig. 4). Otto Baumberger (1889 1961) was one of the first Swiss who can be correctly described as a poster designer. He designed more than two hundred posters, which helped to modernize the style. In its variety, Baumberger s work embodies and exemplifies the history of Swiss poster art in the first half of the twentieth century, as the painterly artist poster gradually evolved toward graphically oriented corporate design. Max Bill was another Swiss graphic artist, industrial designer, architect, sculptor, and painter, primarily important for his sophisticated, disciplined advertising designs. He studied at the Bauhaus until late 1920 s when he moved to Zurich where he became a teacher and prime member of the Allianz group of graphic designers. Max Bill belonging to the Concrete Art movement in Z rich applied mathematical systems for the organization of space to his graphic design work. Herbert Matter was a pioneer in the use of photomontage. His talented use of type earned him great international acclamation (fig.5). After working for the Swiss National Tourist Office and Swiss resorts he moved to the United States in 1936 and started teaching Photography at Yale University in 1952.12 swiss style was a leading German graphic designer who also exerted a strong influence on the Swiss school. Johannes Tzschichhold (Jan Tschichold) was born as a son of a Leipzig lettering artist and sign printer Franz Tzschichhold and his wife Maria Zapff, in April 1902. His father s profession gave him an early introduction to the many forms of written scripts. Young Tschichold often helped his father and also attended a printing museum in the Buchgewerbehaus (Book Industry Building) which were in the town. Consequently he had knowledges of typography from early age. Despite of his parents ideas, to have their son a professional art teacher, he decided to be educated as a lettering artist. While he studied (from 1919 to 1921) with Walter Tiemann, director of the Staatliche Akademie fur graphische Kunste und Buchgewerbe (Academy for Graphic Arts and Book production), he also attended courses in printmaking and bookbinding. Tschichold supported his education of the books of Edward Johnston (Calligraphy, Ornamental Script and Applied Script) and Rudolf von Larisch (Study in Ornamental Writin g) and created a number of calligraphic writings. Before leaving for Bauhas from 1921 to 1923 he worked in Leipzig as an assistant in teaching courses of calligraphy at the Academy. In 1923 he became a freelance designer in Leipzig. In the same year he visited Bauhaus exhibition and influenced by the modern artists and designers Wassily Kandinsky (1866 1944) and L szl Moholo Nagy, he started to propagate a new visual thinking. It was an inversion in his actual life. Soon, he was also introduced to the work of the Dutch graphic designer Piet Zwart 13 swiss style Exhibition poster, 1937 While getting acquainted with work we can fall into deluge of varied geometrics and simple effects. This poster looks like an absolutely pure example of New Typography. The design is simple and arithmetical. Tschichold, J. (1927) Napoleon [Poster]15 swiss style (1885 1977), and the Russian constructivists El Lisstzky. He worked with an assymetric composition, geometric shapes, the use of photography instead of illustrations and sans serif typefaces (fig. 11). In the light of my knowledge, it was a juvenile opinion to consider the sans serif as the most suitable or even the most contemporary typeface. Jan Tschichold (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 19) Tschichold was so impressed by Soviet constructivism and Russian Revolution, that he changed his name to Iwan (or Ivan) Tschichold in 1923. Tschichold became an important figure in the new movement known as the New Typography. A first spectacular publication of these views, Elementare typographie (Elementary Typography) , appeared in a special October 1925 issue of the German magazine Typographische Mitteilungen (Typographic News). This was a kind of typographic manifest and caused an uproar in the world of design. In the book Tschichold described the new ideas on typographic design. Artists and designers had various opinion at the publication. Lissitzky was delighted at the beautiful brochure. The book was received well at the Bauhaus, but the German constructivis reacted critically. Nevertheless, the book had an impact on the future design. The second book The purpose of the New Typography is functionality. The purpose of any typography is communication (the means of which are visualized).This communication has to appear in the shortest, simplest and most compelling form. For typography to serve social purposes, the inner form of the material employed must arrange the content whereas the outer form must establish a relantionship between the different typographic means. Inner organization means using as few basic constituents as possible; typefaces, numbers, signs, l ines from the type cases, and the typessetter. In the modern world focused on optics, the precise picture, i.e. photography, must be considered as a basic constituent of the New Typography. (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 39)16 swiss style was the most important, Die neue Typographie (The New Typography) was published in 1928. This book explained the function and communication of the New Typography. The book was used as a handbook for printers and publishers and even at the Bauhaus. In a small A5 format he described a modern typography in a short essay. Tschichold inspired by the functional determination of Bauhaus, formulated the basics of the modern visual communication in which aesthetics of modern abstract art were combined together with requirements for legibility, simplicity and subject information. His manifest the New Typography reflected the dynamism of life time, preferences of precision and clarity of sensatial visual. He preferred objective resources as the sans serif and geometric typeface (Grotesk), assymetric composition and whitespace. His book was widely read and highly influential as a major step in modern ideals. The book became the bible of every young typesetter. From 1927 until 1933 Tschichold constituted the New Typography in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and France. Because of the influence of the Nazis in 1933 Tschichold submitted his registration to the Munich Meiterschule, to assume a teaching position at the new Hohere Graphische Fachschule der Stadt Berlin (Berlin Higher Vocanional School for Graphic Arts). Although Tschichold had a post in Berlin, he changed his mind and decided that he would rather stay in Munich. After the Nazi victory in March 1933, Tschichold and his wife Edith were arrested and they were denounced as a Kulturbolshewist (cultural Bolshevists). Shortly after their arrest, they were released. Tschichold with Edith and their four year son immediately left Munich and on July 28, 1933 went to Basel in Switzerland. Their friend Hermann Kienzle, the director of the Allgemeine Gererbeschule (School of Arts and Crafts) in Basel, Poster for The Professional Photographer exhibition in Basel, 1938. A clear logic organization of the elements. The poster has geometrical structure, strict horizontal and vertical alignments. He used Akzidenz typeface (consended) and only lowercase. recommended Tschichold for a teaching post at the School of Arts and Crafts. Between 1933 and 1946, Tschichold produced numerous journal articles, in part due to financial pressure.Two years after he had moved to Switzerland, he published the most important book Typographische Gestaltung (Typographic Design). At this time he began to work with more traditional typefaces and layout arrangements. This book was not only about the New Typography but also about use of photography as a design component. According to Eskilson (2007:302) In this new book, Tschichold reiterated his support for the New Typography but also suggested that the assymetric, flush left layout was not only suitable design formula. Jan Tschichold was not only a typographer and a book designer. He was also poster designer. Before he left for Switzerland he had been makink posters for publishing houses or some film posters. But his first large commission was the poster for Phoebus Palast cinema in 1927. It was the largest cinema in Germany. He created for them posters, newspapers, advertisements and programs, we would called this as a corporate identity today. The other commisions were for the Volksverband fur Filmkunst (People s Association for Film Art), or The exhibition Das Internationale Plakat. A poster is a relatively independent area of graphic design, which is the most similar to creative art by using means of expression. The large format increases the effectiveness of communication of the poster. Tschichold tried to complete the primary concept by using of the principles of the New Typography, minimalism and whitespace. His posters are organized into vertical and horizontal fields. He often worked with geometrical structure, each element is in plan type, spacing, colour, and even the meaning. In the organization of the elements, meanings are connected. Tschichold s poster designs rank among the finest in the history of graphic design. His background in typography permitted him to achieve preeminence with minimal means while consistently maintaining elegance and a maximum of expression. In the post war period, Tschichold worked for Penguin Books in London (fig. 14, 15, 16). This London s publishing looked for the best typographer and offered designers from Europe. Penguin, The New Typography, in its concern to satisfy the needs of our own period and to make sure that every single piece of printing is in harmony with the present Jan Tschichold (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 133) founded in 1935, was the first commercially successful paperback book company in Britain. (Eskilson, 2007 : 314) Penguin Books publisher Allen Lane and the famous English book printer Oliver Simon were suprised by Jan Tschichold s work. Tschichold established a fixed set of typographic standards, the Penguin compositions rules. He installed strict typesetting rules and raised them to the formal level of the printing and publishing. These rules directed attention to next composition, indenting, punctuation marks, spelling, capitals, small capitals, italics, folios, figures, references, footnotes, make up, and the printing plays and poetry. (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 269 270) In the few years spent working in London, Tschichold gained much respect and was named an honorary member of the London Double Crown Club, a selective group of English typographers and printers.In 1949 Tschichold felt that his work in Penguin was completed, it was the reason why he returned back to Switzeland. Between 1950 and 1954 he was an independent typographer in Basel. In 1955 Tschichold took a position as typographer at the Hoffmann-La Roche company in Basel. Jan Tschichold died on August 11, 1974, in Locarno, Switzerland. Josef M ller-Brockmann was a Swiss graphic designer. One of the leading graphic and typographic designer since the 1950s. Josef Muller was born on 9 May, 1914, in Rapperswill, Switzerland. His father Christian M ller had a successful career. His company CH. M ller Baugeschaft (building firm), employed dozens of men from Rapperswill and workers from abroad. Unfortunately, Christiann died two yers after his son was born, on 24 August, 1916. Mother of Josef was Ida M ller Shmucki a strong, independent woman. After her husband s death she became a widow at the age of thirty two. She stayed alone with eight children. Josef s talent emerged at the age of fourteen when attending high school. His teacher recognized his natural 25 swiss style  aptitude for drawing. Because of his mother s financial situation, Josef could not study at college. His older brother Paul (firstborn) was sent to university, although he was not as talented as his younger brother. Then Josef continued developing his illustration skills himself. Later an enthusiastic teacher at the Rapperswil Middle School recommended that Muller apply for an apprenticeship as a photographic retoucher. (Purcell, 2006 : 16) Muller spent only one month in a local printer s office than he left. He felt a need to continue with his artistic desires. The period between the world wars strongly influenced M ller s development of art Tschichold s The New Typography and also the work of El Lissitzky or Otto Baumberger. M ller even advocated the opinion that Baumberger was the ingenious, unsurpassed master of large, often monumental, picture language with the minimum of illustrative and chromatic means he was the first and unsurpassed master of the objective informative poster. (Purcell, 2006 : 21) In 1931 M ller became an apprentice to the designer and advertising consultant of Alex Walter Diggelmann at Studio Diggelmann s Zurich offices. Although Josef M ller had the financial problem, in 1932 he was registered as a student at the University of Zurich and at the citys Kunstegewerbeschule. Josef went to the Keller s graphic class to ask him for entrance to the class. Nevertheless, Ernst Keller had a full class and threw him out. M ller was relentless and went to the school every day, and finally Keller allowed him to the course. The young student was delighted at the studies. He was interested in studies of painting, sculpture and design, anatomy, experiments in perpective, and studies of typography. In spite of that he was still unsure about his future direction. At the age of twenty M ller deemed advisable to establish himself, he would need to find a future work. At this time he replied to an offer to work as a designer for Mauser Seeds Ltd. to create a series of shop windows decorations. Josef M ller was convinced that his teachers Ernst Keller and Alfred Willimann strongly influenced him. In the era of World War II Josef M ller continued to work on the projects in Zurich, although he was a member of army. Because of the Switzerland position and its neutrality he was relatively calm. However, influenced by the anxienty about Naciz, influenced by the Swiss population isolated from the rest of the world he began to investigate his work in depth and sought of merits of the case. During this period M ller met the violinist Verena Brock mann, his future wife. Together with her father, Professor Dr. Heinrich Brockmann Jerosch and architect Johann Albert Freytag, he found a system of form and function. The products of graphic design are compromise between form and function, consequently analogous to architecture. The form would follows the function. So graphic design did not have only function to inform but also an education mission to cultivate an everyday life of person. During this period Josef married with Verena, he changed his name to M ller Brockmann. On 8 May 1945, M ller Brockmann, along with the rest of Europe, celebrated the end of war. (Purcell, 2006 : 51) Swiss designers reputedly confused graphic design and advertisement. Despite of the visual communication is closely associated with advertisement. Graphic design and advertisement are components of general questions for common visual communication. In the post war period M ller Brockmann focused on visual identity. For the first time he used advertisement for propagation of Hermes typewriter. Josef M ller Brockmann worked for Hermes for six years. The work for Hermes was influenced by surreal aesthetics as most of his work from this period for example Die Kleine Freiheit (small Munich theatre). As a young person I had no clear perception of my future I only knew that my professional career depended on my energy, self criticism, discipline, and permanent desire to learn. Josef Muller Brockmann (Purcell, 2006 : 11) Afterwards he switched the direction of his work and began to think about constructivism and international language. Nevertheless, instead of abstraction M ller Brockmann used to work with simplicity, geometric forms and to create a harmony of space similar to music. This harmony between art and music he firstly used in commission for the poster for concert of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1950. The same principle was consequently used for Zurich Tonhalle posters. (fig. 23, 25). This transitional style abstract shape or drawn illustration still evoked his influences than the international Swiss style. M ller Brockmann continued with work for Zurich Concert Hall for more than twenty five years. He has modernized his style in 1953 for exhibition poster titled Das Plakat (fig. 24). The commission consists of six posters, each one was a single letter of the exhibition title P , L , A , K , A , T . Each letter was given to different designers such as Hans Falk, Adolf Fl ckiger, and Celestino Piatti. M ller Brockmann made T , he underlined his illustration by using light. The title of the exhibition is in Akzidenz Grotesk typeface, placed in the highlited T. He used capital letters for both words of Das Plakat. Information about the opening times and dates are vertically down the main stroke. M ller Brockmann did not use only illustrations but he exposed these two images (illustrations) in the darkroom, photo its and retouched the protography. In 1952 he designed public signage for the Swiss Automobile Club Accidens Gauge. This Accident Gauge was installed on the Paradeplatz in Zurich, where it warned of the hazards of driving by presenting a numerical summary that highlighted each week s total automobile related accidents and deaths. It was designed and constructed in an abstract three dimensional designs influenced by Russian Constructivistics in the 1920s. (Eskilson S. J. , 2007 : 303) M ller Brockmann made also an excelent use of Akzidenz Grotesk. This typeface is actually appropriate for this kind of advertisement the numerical statistics without emotions. Josef M ller Brockmann also collaborated with Automobile club of Switzerland for a poster design that would refer to padestrians, cyclists and drivers in one traffic (fig. 18, 21). These posters have wonderful use of perspective, the yellow road urge the situation figured at the poster it made it effective. Brockmann worked with E. A. Heiniger on most of the Automob ile Club of Switzerland posters. M ller Brockmann continued to create unconventional designs for them for several years. M ller Brockmann s geniuses grew in and through the years he became a modernist. For the Zurich Concert Hall posters he used all lowercase for the text and geometric abstract forms instead of the illustrations. Beethoven poster (fig.26) for the Zurich Tonhalle represents the epitome of the Swiss style: curves and asymmetry. By the 1950s, he was established as the leading practitioner and theorist of the Swiss Style, which sought a universal graphic expression through a grid-based design purged of extraneous illustration and subjective feeling. His Musica viva (fig. 20, 27) poster series for the Zurich Tonhalle drew on the language of Constructivism to create a visual correlative to the structural harmonies of the music. In 1960 M ller Brockmann designed a typographic poster for exhibition at the Zurich Kunstgewerbemuseum, der Film (fig. 28). It is perharps one of his most celebrated designs. The poster type and space communicate in an inventive and original manner. The grid system is used by typographer, graphic designer, photographer and exhibition designer for solving visual problems in two and three dimensions. (Brockmann, 2001 : 13)34 swiss style One important part of the Swiss Style is its remarkable use of photography. Following the modernist ideas in which photography was a much better tool to portray reality than drawings and illustrations, the Neue grafik magazine, a very important Swiss graphic design publication at the time, dedicated a big part of its content to photography and its application in design. tem. The grid system allowed him to organize his subject matter to create more effective design, not to be overwhelmed by the seeming chaos and complexity of design decisions. The predecessor of this system was Piet Mondrian, the grid is often recognized in his paintings. His compositions are composed of horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular planes. According to M ller Brockmann the grid system is about structure and mathematical thinking. This is the expression of a professional ethos: the designer s work should have the clearly intelligible, objective, functional and aesthetics quality of mathematical thinking. (Brockmann, 2001 : 10) M ller Brockmann was a professor of graphic design at the Kunstgewerbeschule, Zurich from 1957 to 1960. Later he was a design consultant to IBM Europe from 1967 1988. He published various books about his work and won a lot of awards. He is the author of The Graphic Artist and his Design Problems (1961), History of Visual Communication (1981) or A History of the Poster. He also founded the Muller-Brockmann Co advertising agency in 1967, lasting until 1984. The new typography The New Typography came about as a reaction to the communication credos of Modernism which called for designs to be timeless minimal and geometric. The first principles of the New Typography appeared in Merz magazine in 1923. El Lissitzky promoted there more dynamic typography. In his work El Lissitzky pioneered a new approach to typographic art which had a huge impact upon graphic design. Lasl Moholo Nagy supported in addition typophoto, phototext too. At the same time as typophoto, Moholo Nagy introduced the idea of the photograph not only as illustration but, alternatively, as phototext , replacing words, as an unambiguous form of representation, which in its objectivity (Sachlichkeit) leaves no room for personal accidental interpretation. (Hollis, 2006 : 40) In both Lissitzky and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy we see emphasis placed upon the element of expression the expression of content through form. In contrast, Jan Tschichold was more concerned with order and organization. He used sans serif type, asymmetric compositions, the benefits of white space and the limiting of typefaces. Tschichold in his book, earlier mentioned, Die neue Typographie (The New Typography) formulated the basics of these rules and modern visual communication, influenced by functional trend of Bauhaus. Many of these principles of the New Typography are explained in this book. He introduced a theoretical look at typography devoid of concerns for printing practicality. These principles were also presented at the exhibitions in Switzerland, where it came to subconsciousness of audience. It was Tschichold who acted as a guide to a typographic practise which followed the demand for a new unity of art and technology. (Hollis, 2006 : 38) Tschichold advertised in his book a new sans-serif typeface as Akzidenz Grotesk (now known as Helvetica). Tschichold reiterates that clarity is the highest goal and Akzidenz Grot esk has this clarity. This typeface became the 39 swiss style most common for the New Typography and later for Swiss graphic design and the International Style. In fact, when Jan Tschichold wrote Die neue Typographie, he ignored any use of non sans-serif typefaces. With this philosophy, graphic designers were aiming the clarity, simplicity and universality. The Swiss Style advocates that the typeface does not have to be expressive in itself, it must be an unobtrusive instrument of expression. Helvetica was created in 1953 by Miedinger with Eduard Hoffmann at the Haas sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas type foundry) of M nchenstein, Switzerland. Haas designed a new sans-serif typeface that could compete with Akzidenz Grotesk in the Swiss market. Originally called Neue Haas Grotesk, the typefaces name was changed by Haas German parent company Stempel in 1960 to Helvetica derived from Confederatio Helvetica, the Latin name for Switzerland in order to make it more marketable internationally. Helvetica became the most widely used sans-serif typefaces ever. Akzidenz Grotesk was performed by Max Bill and Josef M ller Brockmann throughout their careers. Designer Paul Renner, while designing his typeface Futura, relied heavily on precise drafting tools such as the compass, T-square and the triangle. This allowed Renner to escape the traditional methods of type design in favor of the rigidity of mechanical constructions. Geometrical Futura was the next popular choice for graphic designers. The Swiss typographer Adrian Frutiger was one of the most prominent typeface designers ever mainly because of his famous typeface Univers. He studied calligraphy at the Z rich Kunstgewerbeschule. His interest in sculpture helped construct his style as

The Arguments For And Against Globalization Economics Essay

The Arguments For And Against Globalization Economics Essay Globalization is a modern phenomenon, which can be analyzed from various points of view. Roughly, we might say that globalization is integration of regional economies, societies and cultures in a globe-spanning network of communication and trade. This term is part of a historical process of capitalism which is a new international order in the context of a single world. Globalization is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization. This topic will be developed along the essay. However, as once was expressed by the ex-secretary of the United Nations Brutos Gali, there is no only one globalization, there are many globalizations such us technological, sociocultural, political, biological An example of that not only the economic globalization exists is the creation of the International Penal Court, since the human rights are starting feeling the effects of the globalization and it is necessary uniform and universalize the recognition of the fundamental rights of the citizenship. Globalization also refers to a process of interaction between societies and local cultures in a global culture to what we would call sociocultural globalization. Different definitions The word globalization is defined by different authors, official institutions and dictionaries according to their point of view. Therefore, there is not only one precise meaning of this term universally accepted by everybody. On the one hand, United Nations (UN)  [1]  has defined it as an event, unavoidable in our history. It makes one world through the exchange of goods, products, information, knowledge and culture. This is a result of the step forward in the field of communications, transport, technology and industry. According to the World Bank Group (WBG)  [2]  , the most utilized meaning for globalization is an intercontinental economic activity, which has increased sharply. In this activity they include Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), International Commerce and Capital Flow. However, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)  [3]  has combined both the United Nations and the World Bank Groups definition. It also talks about globalization in terms of FDI, Capital Flow, International Commerce and the surprising evolution of communication and technology. Furthermore, IMF specifies that sometimes globalization makes it necessary for the workforce and knowledge to have to move to another country. But, these kinds of institutions are not the only ones who want to give their own definition of globalization. A wide range of authors have given their opinion on the topic. For example, David Dollar  [4]  , in an interview published in the World Bank Group Web, said that the economic globalization, or as he would rather use, the economic integration takes place when a country reduces or eliminates the commercial barriers such as custom duty, and they accept investments and trade from the rest of the world. However, Leslie Sklair  [5]  thinks that it should be seen as a new phase of capitalism, one that transcends the unit of the nation-state. His college, Anthony Giddens  [6]  , does not think in the same way as him. In this case, he talks about globalization as a transformation in the global market, the evolution in the communication and trade between nation-states in physical commodities, information and currency. Evolution from two different points of view Theodore Levitt  [7]  was the creator of the word globalization. He used it for first time in his book called The Globalization of Markets to describe the transformation of the international economy which had been taking place since 1960. However, its evolution is not clear enough. Some people say that it started in 1980s and others are in favour of 1870s. But in either case, the bases of globalization are three specific ideas, according to the Washington Consensus: a severe fiscal system, privatization and the relaxation of the restrictions on economy  [8]  . The World Bank Group talks about four steps in Globalizations evolution. Whereas, Leandro Sà ¡nchez Zepeda, in his doctoral thesis, explains that there are five different stages. I do not have enough knowledge to decide which is more appropriate, so in the following paragraph I am going to give details about the development of both thoughts. According to the WGB  [9]  , these are the steps: From 1870 to 1914: this period was characterized by the step forward in transport and the elimination of commercial barriers. The amount of exports augmented almost 8% and 10% of the total population moved to another country. From 1914 to 1950: the situation was as before 1870, marked by protectionism. From 1950 to 1980: during those years, the process evolved to an economic integration between rich countries. Moreover, Europe, North America and Japan opened their markets. From 1980 until 2009: in this time, manufacturing increased to 80% worldwide. Some countries, such as Brazil, India and Vietnam, improved their international commerce and the globalization made developing countries improve. On the other hand, Leandro Sà ¡nchez Zepeda  [10]  has put forward a different opinion in his doctoral thesis: From 1870 to 1913: this period was marked by a peak in commerce due to an increase in capital and labour force. From 1913 to 1950: due to the Great Depression, the First and the Second World War international commerce decreased. From 1950 to 1973: thanks to the Bretton Woods system, global integration was strengthened. From 1973 to 1990: during these years the amount of public companies which became private increased, the financial system started to be more open to the world, communication and transport advanced and it became international. From 1991 until today: there are more free-trade areas, such as ALADI, NAFTA and ASEAN, and the economic integration has become stronger. In contrast to previous periods, the workforce moves less and capital and information are crossing borders. GLOBALIZATION Globalization itself is a continuous and dynamic process that challenges the laws of the countries in how they regulate the operation of enterprises and economic behaviour of individuals at the international level, who can give employment to workforce unemployed and also benefit from remaining irregularities and weaknesses in a particular country. It is a complex phenomenon; therefore it should not surprise us that it causes different reactions in different individuals or groups. Some consider that threatens the framework of the nation state, national identity and the modern concept of democracy. For some, it promises a new era of riches for all, for others, it is the seduction of a consumerism that will bankrupt morally and economically the majority. In favour of globalization Why economic globalization is a good system? Advances in communication and transportation technology, combined with free-market ideology, have given goods, services and capital unprecedented mobility. For example, Northern countries want to open world markets to their goods and take advantage of abundant, cheap labour in the South. To do this, these countries use international financial institutions, such as, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group, and regional trade agreements  [11]  to compel poor countries to integrate by reducing tariffs, privatizing state enterprises and relaxing environmental and labour standards. Globalization is a phenomenon that is important to the develop of the economy in every country, due to the general opening of markets for goods and capital suggests the end of trading blocs, regional treaties and economic independence of countries but also facilitates the ability to solve economic needs that local players have been unable to satisfy. It makes easy the commerce between different countries and decreases the difference between developed and underdeveloped countries. Some factors in favour of globalization are: Global economy and market, which can lead to a better utilization of resources. Greater ability to maneuver compared to fluctuations in national economies. New opportunities of develop markets. Using economies of scale, it can reduce cost. International cooperation. Growth and mergers between companies. Privatization of public companies. International financial deregulation. Development of means of communication and transport. The free movement of capital allows a more efficient allocation of global savings and provides to emerging economies the resources to develop and promote the consolidation of a sustained and balanced growth. Globalization opens up opportunities for developed economies to improve their efficiency and productivity and allows economies in developing to improve the living standards of its population. Against of globalization When globalization was defined, it tried to minimize the impact of negative points and reinforce positive points. Some factors against globalization are: Lack of control over markets and multinational enterprises. Increased economic social and territorial imbalances. Concentration of richness and increased social inequality. Non-fulfilment of minimum labour standards. Full employment, a priority until recently, was postponed. The work has to behave as a commodity, subject to the laws of supply and demand and the production needs, without laws that safeguards smooth minimum rights. Damage to the environment. Threat to biodiversity and cultural heritage. Dominance of financial-speculative economy over real economy. Increase exploitation of child labour Controversy The liberalization of international trade means more economic growth and welfare, such as the example of China, where foreign capital has invested heavily and the country has emerged remarkably by the effect of globalization. But if we go to Africa, we can see that its people are sinking ever deeper into poverty and degradation of economic, social and political life. There, no one invests and the one thing that Africa is used by Occident is for the arms business and to recover the debts they owe to developed countries. It is true that globalization encourages free trade among countries, but there are also negative consequences because some countries try to save their national markets. Companies are buying goods and services from foreign countries. Workers, who were sacked, are forced to work into the service sector, where wages and benefits are lower. This has contributed to the deterioration of the middle class, who have been relegated to lower positions. People in the lower class have to make more efforts to climbing out of poverty due to the absence of the middle class as a stepping stone. THE PROBLEMS OF GLOBALIZATION Globalization is the shortest and most viable way for the developing world to achieve political, social and intellectual modernity. Globalization is said to be the best and most effective means for the developing world to achieve comprehensive development, because it is the sole way to progress for this world economically. Changing the world to the better is through applying globalization. There are problems in the process of globalization: if other countries produce goods better than other, maybe a lot of citizens from this last country will be sacked; if one state collects less tax, companies could go there to get more profit. The process of globalization entails adjustments in national and international economies, to which countries must adapt. Income distribution: in many cases goods are produced in a nation through the importation of them is less restricted. The removal of import barriers may cause a substitution of goods produced within the country by others imported. This way, domestic manufacturers are affected. However, the elimination of trade barriers can make a product cheaper, which is an advantage for consumers because they can buy more with the same funds. On the other hand, globalization promotes the concentration and the emergence of large multinational companies. The possibility of selling its products worldwide and reduce production costs through exploitation of economies of scale, cause that small businesses reducing their sales potential. This can result in the reduction of global competition and that one or a few companies dominate the market. Evade national law: the possibility of settling in any country encourages companies to look for those where production costs are lower. As the laws of many countries may increase costs for businesses, they seek countries which have less legal regulation. In fact, there are territories in which companies dont pay taxes for the profit. They prefer to settle there, due to they can pay higher returns to their shareholders.

The Pros and Cons of Language Translation :: Pro Con Essays

To answer the question above we first have to define what is actually meant by translation before we are able to think about the limits and advantages of translation. Translation can be described as an expression of a sense from one language to another as well as a transmission of a written or spoken language into another. Translation is since the beginning of human culture an important item of understanding between different countries. So the â€Å"Stone of Rosette† made it possible to decipher the ancient Egypt language. But here we already see the limits of translation. We never will be able to understand all their feelings. Later on, the translations of the old Greek and Latin authors have influenced all western Europe countries and have let to the grandiose works of Shakespeare for example. Here we see the great advantage translations have brought to all Europe. As the statement in the title says, translation offers us the experience and attitudes of another culture or mentality. When for example reading books from typically English authors like Agatha Christie or George Orwell in German or any other language, we learn something about the culture or mentality, because the good description as well as the feeling of being in Britain at the present time, makes this possible. From this we come to a point which is even more important, the transport of culture and understanding between peoples. A good example for this is the book â€Å"Uncle Toms Hut† which had enforced the fight against slavery world wide but was hardly able to cause political influence. This shows again the limits of translation. On the other side we can not imagine a world without the translation of literary master pieces from all countries, mentioned only the great Russian, German, English and French authors red all over the world. Here we see the problems and limits of translation very closely. A good translation not only transports the sense but also the choice of words and the way of expressing. Especially for translations of high standing literature the translator should be home in both languages. The translator often finds his limit with poems. An other example to show the limits of translation are technical items, which were produced in China or Korea. As we do not speak any Chinese or Korean we are not able to understand what we should do before the first use.

Science Run Amuck in Brave New World :: essays papers

Science Run Amuck in Brave New World Brave New World is a novel set hundreds of years into our own future. On Earth, the Nine Years War tore the planet apart in the year A.F 178. Eerily, anthrax bombs dropped from the sky killed scores of people, what we in the post 9/11 world fear the most. When the dust settled, mankind banded together to create a new world called the â€Å"World State.† Their motto is â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability,† and it is all too much present as you will see. This future is a severely different place. To stabilize the populace, mankind has cloned each other by the thousands. Babies are conditioned by a caste system, and everyone grows up to do a specific job. Cold and sterile science replaces religion, individuality, and risk. Everyone is encouraged to pleasure themselves (through promiscuity, recreation and drugs... soma,) but not to have a bad day. This is reminiscent of the â€Å"Roaring 20’s† and the â€Å"free love† movement of the 1960’s. In this future, to be monogamous, bond, or soul-search would single you out as a loner. Here, â€Å"everyone belongs to everyone else.† The years once noted by A.D (Anno Domini, or After Christ) are replaced by A.F (After Ford.) Ford’s philosophy became a religion, wiping out over two thousand years of Christianity from world history. Now there is no history, except that which existed After Ford, it was outlawed. As we all know, Henry Ford introduced the assembly line into modern society. In A.D, The assembly line was a more proficient way to produce the automobile. In the brave new world, however, the assembly line mass-produced human beings themselves. The brave new scientists discovered a way to progress the cloning process. They clone up to 96 embryos from a female ovum by Bokanovsky’s process. Embryos were then â€Å"bottled† and put on an assembly line that moved 33 centimeters a day. On the line, the fetuses were tampered with and they received early conditioning to be part of one of the five castes. â€Å"Alpha† was the highest class (think rocket scientist,) and Elipson was the l owest class (think gas station attendant.) These babies are not born of a mother’s womb, but â€Å"decanted† (unbottled.) They receive more conditioning and undergo â€Å"hypnopaedia† – a sleep teaching process where beliefs are inserted into their thoughts. Young children as young as seven years old are encouraged to be promiscuous and experiment with sex.

Explain how and why the meaning Essay

There are many terms used in respect to World Development, common terms include â€Å"Less Developed Countries†, â€Å"Third World† and â€Å"Developed Countries†. There is also the more recent and politically correct MEDC’s and LEDC’s, both being introduced as a sign of the growing awareness that poverty is not just about economic status. At one time it was strongly thought that a countries development was purely based on its wealth. This led to the North/South divide where the northern hemisphere was predominantly developed and the southern hemisphere mostly underdeveloped. This relationship can clearly be seen in the diagram below, the main exception to the rule being Australia and New Zealand. World GNP 1997 It was however suggested that these underdeveloped countries would follow a route of economic growth as illustrated by Rostow’s 1960 model. The model was based on a study of 15 mainly European countries, the main prospective being on industrialisation and economic position. The model proposes that a country can break the cycle of poverty and underdevelopment by following a succession of linear stages, five to be exact. Rostow’s Model of Economic Growth   Stage 1 – Traditional Society This stage of the model is dominated by subsistence economics where little if any productivity is consumed by those who produced it rather than being sold. Agriculture being the primary industry at this stage is produced with little capital and on a labour intensive basis. Stage 2 – Preconditions for Take-Off Also known as the transitional stage this is where people desire a higher standard of life and so change their aims and goals to increase production and begin to trade. This process can also be triggered by external sources where forces help to aid the transition. * Stage 3 – Take-Off Industrialisation dramatically increases with the population’s attention shifting from farming and agriculture to manufacturing. This effect is normally concentrated and leads to an improvement in infrastructure and the initiation of rural to urban migration. * Stage 4 – Drive to Maturity The economic growth spurred in stage 3 starts to spread across the country, there is also a multiplier effect where the amount and diversity of industry increases. The emphasis is now on technological advancement as rural populations and agriculture are further put in decline. * Stage 5 – High Mass Consumption Personal incomes grow and so the demand for tertiary industry intensifies. There will therefore be an increase in tertiary employment as manufacturing now begins to decline. Basic amenities are now common place and the country should have a stable infrastructure, political situation and a high GNP. Rostow’s model would require substantial investment in capital, unless there is external intervention it would be very difficult for a country to leave stage 1. Barke and O’Hare who themselves made a development model were the first to publicly reject the ‘Rostow’ model, in 1984 they argued that the model was too ‘Eurocentric’ expecting all countries to follow the west (America and Britain etc. ). They agreed that yes a country can and some already had passed through the 5 stages, but it is unlikely for a country to take off without structural and social change. Other criticisms of Rostow’s model include the model assuming all countries start off from the same level, and that it does not take into consideration the debt a country can gather from aid to help it transcend from stage 1 to 2. Africa is a perfect example of this, where the country’s debts have prevented it from further developing. By the 1990’s people were for the first time trying to redefine the term development, after the failure of the ‘Three World Model’ which was seen as an inappropriate way of viewing global development, the world bank identified and took up the challenge. They believed that development should not just be about economic growth but it should have a more multi-dimensional prospective, they believed that development was also the challenge to improve quality of life taking into account the following factors: – The right to a better education. – Individual/Political freedom. – More equality of opportunity. – Higher standards of health and nutrition. – Strong culture. This brought about three core values of development, sustenance, self-esteem and freedom to choose. This new prospective also resulted in many quotes, one that sums up this new way of thinking is by ‘Moorish’ written in 1998: â€Å"Development is not simply concerned with wealth, but with many other aspects of life such as health, education, housing and employment. † However, as much as people wanted countries to develop there was also great concern about the cost it was having on the environment to fuel this process, and so a new approach was introduced, a ‘greening’ of development. This meant that although a countries natural resources would still be needed for it to develop, it should be done so in a sustainable way as to not compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs. This ‘greening’ of development initiated numerous schemes such as in the Amazon Rain Forest, where for every tree that was to be cut-down another would be replanted. It is this sustainable approach to development that is still being implemented today, with concerns about global warming and a lack of crude oil to name but a few. Although Rostow explained the development of western countries well he failed to consider the different cultures and traditions each country has. As quoted by Mark Tully in 1993, â€Å"Development is more than mere economics†, he was right, it is about much more than that. Social, economic and political factors need to be taken into account for a true projection of how much a country really is developed, and so the new meaning of development is defined as, ‘the progressive improvements in the standards of living and quality of life for an increasing proportion of the population’.